12th February 2025

What You Should Know About Indigestion: Expert Corner with Dr. Sinead Byrne

Indigestion, medically known as dyspepsia, is a group of symptoms that affect the digestive system. It's a common condition that affects many, though the symptoms can differ from person to person. It is essential to listen to your body and pay attention to any symptoms that feel unusual for you. While indigestion can sometimes be easily managed with lifestyle changes, it can also be a sign of a more serious condition, so it is important to understand when further medical attention is needed.

What are the symptoms of indigestion?

Indigestion can cause a range of symptoms, some of which are more common and others that may signal a need for medical intervention. Some of the typical symptoms include:

A feeling of fullness after eating
Discomfort or pain in the upper abdomen
Nausea and/or vomiting
Heartburn
Belching
Gurgling sounds from the stomach
Bloating
Trapped wind

However, there are also other symptoms that may suggest a more serious underlying condition. If you experience any of the following, you should seek medical advice:

Vomiting blood
Dark or black bowel movements
Difficulty swallowing
Unexplained and significant weight loss
Persistent indigestion lasting more than two weeks that does not improve with over-the-counter treatments

Are there different types of indigestion?

Indigestion can be categorised into two main types: post-prandial dyspepsia and epigastric pain (EPS).

Post-prandial dyspepsia: this type of indigestion occurs after eating or drinking and can usually be managed with over-the-counter medications such as Gaviscon, Rennies, or peppermint tea.
Epigastric pain (EPS): this type causes discomfort in the upper part of the abdomen, specifically in the area known as the epigastrium (below the rib cage). This area houses the pancreas and duodenum (the first part of the small intestine).

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What are the causes of indigestion?

There are many potential causes of indigestion, which can stem from lifestyle factors, medications, or underlying medical conditions. Some common triggers include:

Pregnancy: reflux is a frequent side effect during pregnancy, but eating smaller meals frequently can help alleviate symptoms.
Lifestyle factors: overeating, consuming greasy or spicy foods, and eating large meals can all contribute to indigestion.
Medications: certain drugs, such as non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), ibuprofen, aspirin, or some antidepressants, may cause indigestion as a side effect.
Anxiety and depression: these conditions can cause an imbalance in gut hormones, like serotonin, which may contribute to indigestion or conditions like IBS.
Smoking
Excessive alcohol consumption
Stress: while stress is sometimes unavoidable, it is important to have an outlet for managing stress, including exercise or talking to someone you trust, which can help reduce its impact on digestion.
Lack of exercise

Additionally, some medical conditions can lead to indigestion, including:

Acid reflux: when stomach contents flow back into the oesophagus, it causes symptoms like heartburn and chest discomfort.
Stomach or duodenal ulcers
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)
Gastritis: inflammation of the stomach lining
Coeliac disease: an intolerance to gluten
Gallstones: these stones that form in the gall bladder can cause symptoms similar to indigestion
Stomach cancer
Helicobacter pylori: a bacterial infection in the stomach

What can I do to prevent indigestion?

Making some simple changes to your daily habits and lifestyle can help prevent or reduce indigestion. Here are some simple but effective ways you can take better care of your digestion:

Avoid heavy, greasy, or high-fat foods
Eat smaller portions more frequently throughout the day
Avoid overeating. Try the Japanese practice of Hara Hachi Bu - stop eating when you feel 80% full
Refrain from eating right before bed
Eat slowly and chew food thoroughly
Avoid lying down immediately after eating
Keep alcohol consumption within recommended limits
If you smoke, try to quit or reduce smoking
Limit your intake of caffeinated drinks like coffee, tea, and soft drinks
Maintain a healthy weight
Aim for at least 30 minutes of moderate exercise daily
Practice good sleep hygiene
Stick to a routine. Your digestive system thrives on consistency. Try to eat regularly, avoid skipping meals, and maintain a steady eating pace.

How is indigestion diagnosed?

When you visit your doctor, they will begin by discussing your symptoms and conducting a physical examination . Depending on your symptoms, they may recommend tests to help identify the cause of your indigestion. These could include:

Blood tests
Stool tests
Imaging tests, such as an X-ray or ultrasound

In some cases, your doctor may suggest an endoscopy. This procedure allows them to examine the inside of your stomach and duodenum, helping them gather detailed information that can guide treatment decisions.

By understanding the symptoms, causes, and ways to prevent indigestion, you can manage the condition more effectively and know when it's time to seek professional help.

The above content was reviewed by Dr. Sinead Byrne, Consultant Gastroenterologist at Mater Private Network in Dublin.

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